Carotid Endarterectomy
Considerations
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Shared airway
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Significant hemodynamic fluctuations:
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X-clamp: hypertension, tachycardia, increased myocardial O2 demands
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Carotid sinus manipulation: bradycardia, hypotension
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Coexisting disease (CAD, DM, HTN, PVD, CKD, CVD, smoking, advanced age)
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Neuromonitoring (usually EEG, cerebral oximetry, TCD, stump pressure)
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Complications:
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CNS: CVA (ischemic/embolic), hyperperfusion syndrome, CN dysfunction
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Cardiovascular: MI, labile BP (hypertension/hypotension)
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Airway: hematoma, airway obstruction/loss, RLN injury
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Perioperative medication management (ASA, plavix, antihypertensives, statins)
Anesthetic Goals
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Maintain stable hemodynamics
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Optimize cerebral perfusion & protect myocardium
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Crisp emergence with awake patient ready for neurological exam
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Smooth emergence to minimize risk of bleeding
Anesthetic Options
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GA vs. regional (superficial cervical plexus block) vs. local
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Carotid artery stenting also an option if patient unsuitable for an anesthetic